2. Epigenetics
  3. Protein Arginine Deiminase

Protein Arginine Deiminase

Protein arginine deiminase (PAD), is a group of calcium-dependent enzymes, which play crucial roles in citrullination, and can catalyze arginine residues into citrulline. his chemical reaction induces citrullinated proteins formation with altered structure and function, leading to numerous pathological diseases, including inflammation and autoimmune diseases. These pathologies established the PADs as therapeutic targets and multiple PAD inhibitors are known.

Humans encode five PADs, designated PADs 1-4 and PAD6. Of the five PAD isozymes (PAD1, 2, 3, 4 and 6), only four (PADs1-4) are catalytically active. PAD activity is tightly regulated by Ca2+ and PADs contain 4 (PAD1), 5 (PAD3, 4) or 6 (PAD2) Ca2+-binding sites. Dysregulated PAD activity, most notably PAD2 and PAD4, is associated with multiple inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) as well as cancer, and PAD inhibitors, such as Cl-amidine and BB-Cl-amidine, show efficacy in multiple preclinical animal models of disease.

Protein Arginine Deiminase Related Products (22):

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity
  • HY-100574D
    D-Cl-amidine hydrochloride Inhibitor 99.40%
    D-Cl-amidine hydrochloride is a potent and highly selective PAD1 inhibitor. D-Cl-amidine is well-torelated with no significant toxicity[1].
  • HY-136557A
    AFM32a hydrochloride Inhibitor 99.71%
    AFM32a (PAD2-IN-1) hydrochloride, a benzimidazole-based derivative, is a potent and selective protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) inhibitor. AFM32a hydrochloride shows superior selectivity for PAD2 over PAD4 (95-fold) and PAD3 (79-fold)[1].
  • HY-125099A
    AFM-30a hydrochloride Inhibitor 99.96%
    AFM-30a hydrochloride is a potent protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) inhibitor and has excellent PAD2-selectivity. AFM-30a hydrochloride binds to PAD2 with an EC50 value of 9.5 μM. AFM-30a hydrochloride also inhibits H3 citrullination with an EC50 value of 0.4 μM. AFM-30a hydrochloride can be used for the research of certain cancers and a variety of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis[1].
  • HY-111347A
    BB-Cl-Amidine hydrochloride Inhibitor 99.78%
    BB-Cl-Amidine hydrochloride is a peptidylarginine deminase (PAD) inhibitor[1].
  • HY-100514
    GSK484 hydrochloride Inhibitor
    GSK484 hydrochloride is a selective and reversible peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitor. GSK484 hydrochloride demonstrates high affinity binding to PAD4 with IC50s of 50 nM in the absence of Calcium. In the presence of 2 mM Calcium, notably lower potency (250 nM) is observed.
  • HY-157157
    PAD4-IN-3 Inhibitor
    PAD4-IN-3 (compound 4B) is a PAD4 inhibitor with antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. PAD4-IN-3 was covalently linked to RGD sequence peptide-modified chitosan (K-CRGDV), resulting in an enhanced oxidative stress-responsive nanoagent. K-CRGDV-PAD4-IN-3 can actively target tumors, inhibit PAD4 activity, block the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and improve the tumor immune microenvironment in response to the tumor microenvironment[1].
  • HY-126560A
    F-Amidine TFA Inhibitor
    F-Amidine TFA is a Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitor. F-Amidine TFA can be used in the study of inflammatory and immune system diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis)[1].
  • HY-120343
    GSK106 Inhibitor 98.00%
    GSK106 is an inactive control for the selective PAD4 inhibitors, GSK484 and GSK199[1].
  • HY-B1505
    Acefylline Activator 99.96%
    Acefylline, a xanthine derivative, is an adenosine receptor antagonist. Acefylline is a peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activator. Acefylline is also a bronchodilator and cardiac stimulant that inhibits rat lung cAMP phosphodiesterase isoenzymes. Acefylline can be used in asthma research[1][2][3].
  • HY-103058
    GSK199 Inhibitor 99.86%
    GSK199 is an orally active, reversible, and selective PAD4 inhibitor with an IC50 of 200 nM in the absence of calcium. GSK199 can be used for the research of rheumatoid arthritis[1].
  • HY-153450
    JBI-589 Inhibitor 98.93%
    JBI-589 is a non-covalent PAD4 isoform-selective inhibitor. JBI-589 reduces CXCR2 expression and blocks neutrophil chemotaxis. JBI-589 reduces primary tumor and metastases, and enhances the anti-tumor effect of checkpoint inhibitors[1].
  • HY-135304
    PAD-IN-2 Inhibitor 99.02%
    PAD-IN-2 is a potent pad4 inhibitor (IC50: <1 μM). PAD-IN-2 can be used in the research of auto-immune diseases and cancers, such as rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosis, cutaneous lupus erythematosis, ulcerative colitis, cystic fibrosis, asthma, multiple sclerosis and psoriasis[1].
  • HY-155052
    PAD4-IN-2 Inhibitor
    PAD4-IN-2 (compound 5i) is a PAD4 inhibitor (IC50=1.94 μM). PAD4-IN-2 inhibits tumor growth in mice by specifically inhibiting the PAD4-H3cit-NETs pathway in neutrophils[1].
  • HY-124586
    Streptonigrin Inhibitor
    Streptonigrin (Bruneomycin), a natural product produced by Streptomyces flocculus, possesses both anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity. Streptonigrin acts as a pan-PAD inhibitor with IC50s of 48.3±34.2 µM, 26.1±0.3 µM, 0.43±0.03 µM, and 2.5±0.4 µM for PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, and PAD4, respectively[1].
  • HY-136557
    AFM32a Inhibitor
    AFM32a (PAD2-IN-1), a benzimidazole-based derivative, is a potent and selective protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) inhibitor. AFM32a shows superior selectivity for PAD2 over PAD4 (95-fold) and PAD3 (79-fold)[1].
  • HY-125099
    AFM-30a Inhibitor
    AFM-30a is a potent protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) inhibitor and has excellent PAD2-selectivity. AFM-30a binds to PAD2 with an EC50 value of 9.5 μM. AFM-30a also inhibits H3 citrullination with an EC50 value of 0.4 μM. AFM-30a can be used for the research of certain cancers and a variety of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis[1].
  • HY-100574B
    Cl-amidine TFA Inhibitor
    Cl-amidine TFA is an orally active peptidylarginine deminase (PAD) inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM, 6.2 μM and 5.9 μM for PAD1, PAD3, and PAD4, respectively. Cl-amidine TFA induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Cl-amidine TFA induces microRNA (miR)-16 (miRNA-16, microRNA-16) expression and causes cell cycle arrest. Cl-Amidine TFA prevents histone 3 citrullination and neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and improves survival in a murine sepsis model[1][2][3][4][5].
  • HY-117777
    GSK121 Inhibitor 99.81%
    GSK-121 Trifluoroacetates a selective PAD4 inhibitor[1].
  • HY-100574C
    D-Cl-amidine Inhibitor
    D-Cl-amidine is a potent and highly selective PAD1 inhibitor. D-Cl-amidine is well-torelated with no significant toxicity[1].
  • HY-111347
    BB-Cl-Amidine Inhibitor
    BB-Cl-Amidine is a peptidylarginine deminase (PAD) inhibitor.